1) When we examine all the hadiths on masturbation, it’s clear that it is a sin. Yes it doesn’t have a kaffara or an official punishment (hadd) but it’s sinful.
2) No that’s not what it means
It means there is no set worldly punishment for it. But it’s still a sin
As for Jahannam, if one deliberately sins and takes God lightly and doesn’t repent then the person may end up in Jahannam. Otherwise Allah is merciful
3) And masturbating when calling a spouse is not permissible. It would still be sinful. One must be patient and try his best not to stay away from his wife. Make this a priority in your life.
4) Yes one can approach his wife in any manner. But masturbation is not approaching one’s wife. It’s approaching oneself.
Also, you are using your wife only by seeing/talking to her—not physically. Technically, physically you are not using your wife. Hence it’s not permissible.
5) I am not aware or any specific Du’as for that, but any general Du’a for the fulfillment of needs would be good.
https://www.duas.org/hajaat.htm