You don’t have to understand every word and its tafsir/context for it to qualify as recitation of the Qur’an.
However, the more you understand those three aspects you mentioned, the more you will benefit from the Qur’an and the greater reward you will receive when reciting it. Hence, it’s highly recommended for you to try to understand the entire Qur’an, even if it takes you years to do so. Learn 2-3 verses every day.