I want to ask about this issue: believing that if something bad happened to someone it’s because of their previous or recent sins, is this way of thinking aligned with Shia Islam, it feels like it’s a painful way of thinking but I’m not sure if Allah would punish us in this world directly after a sin. Do we have any ahadith in our books on this topic?

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Yes we have several verses in the Quran and hadith from the Imams that say the suffering we see in this world is a consequence of our own actions. Sins do have impacts on our lives, our spirits and our physical being is impacted by the way we live our lives.

Quran 2:225
Quran 2:225
Quran 30:41