Scholars have different estimates on how long ago he lived. Some estimate it to be 10-15 thousand years ago, while some estimate that to be some 6-10 or 6-7 thousand years ago. The reason for this difference is that some hadiths state between this Prophet and the next Prophet is “10 generations.” It’s not clear how long each generation is. Is it 500 years? 1000 years? More? But we do have a general idea from our hadiths that he lived some 6-15 thousand years ago.
Yes some prophets had long lives. If we look at Prophet Nouh (a), he may have lived some 5 thousand years ago, and so Prophet Adam (a) preceded him by about a couple of thousand years (one hadith states Nouh was born the day Adam died, and Adam lived for a thousand years). Then after Nouh came Houd and Saleh, then Ibrahim and the prophets of Bani Israeel, peace be upon them all. So it’s possible to have them all under 10,000 years