Is it halal to live on occupied land like in Australia where they displaced and colonised the Aboriginals? Is permission needed from the Aboriginal tribe leader?

If you have certainty that the land that you are living on is someone else’s personal property then this would be the case. The aboriginal people can’t lay claim to ownership of 7.9million km squared.
Neither can the Australian government, but because they are the ruling body, you must abide by the laws.

How can one go about understanding controversial issues like the punishment of Blasphemy and Apostasy within Islam, especially with regards to the fatwa by Sayed Khomeini against Rushdie?
Do Islam’s jurisprudential rulings apply beyond the confines of its borders?

To begin with, the problem is that people only pick out a part of the entire system, instead of looking at it as a whole. Take for example, the eye as a whole is a beautiful and an amazing creation, but in pieces it looks abhorrent. So if I look at bits and pieces of the religion and based them on my prejudiced thought it won’t align.

Islam isn’t about cutting a thieves hand or killing an apostate, this is what the unbeliever wants to bring out in order to attack the religion.
This is only acceptable with a full functioning Islamic System.

Another thing, if there is no punishment, then there is no security, the classic paradox, without law and order, man has no freedom.

As for the jurisdiction of Islam, no country’s government is limited to their borders. If the sovereignty of any nation is breached they will cross borders to defend their rights.

I am asking this question on behalf of my friend. It is regarding Bribery. She was house hunting and found a house she really liked, however the house had alot of interest, so the agent told her to give her some money under the table and he ll ensure she gets the house. Which means, the agent will by any chance pass only my friend’s offer to the house owner. Is this permissible?

The agent is not representing his client in the client’s best interest, I would totally abstain from such a transaction.

I wanted to ask a question regarding the visitation of the cemetery by women on their menstrual cycle, I have heard they should avoid it as they are in a state of najasat, and there are spirits in the cemetery who may not be at ease. Please advise on the recommendation as I understand there is no objection to it

I have never read or heard of such a thing in our teachings

I had a question is temporary tattoo allowed if it is not in place of wudhu like if it’s on chest neck or on upper arm?

As long as it doesn’t resemble the opposite gender or the unbeliever and it doesn’t prevent water reaching the skin for ghusl. Then there would be no issue with it.

If I made a mobile phone najis and now dont remember exactly which part was made najis and whether it was made 1st 2nd or 3rd muttanajis, then can I consider it pak? What should be done?

Purify the whole phone, or don’t touch it with a wet hand.

I stay in gulf country where our mosques are hardly few and the place where I work is far from our mosque. Can I pray my zohar and Asr at any other mosque with my hands folded (in taqiyah) and will it be counted as a valid prayer and performed at avale waqt or I should have to repeat my prayers once I am back home as per our fiqh (by keeping hands aside and with turbah)?

It is obligatory to pray your prayers in the set time. It is recommended to pray these prayers in a mosque. If you are forced to fold your arms, then you should be praying elsewhere. If there is nowhere else to pray then you should pray when you get home as long as it is still in the set time. If waiting till you get home means that you will be praying Qadha then you should find a new job.

I and my cousin like each other and want to get marry, we are not in any kind of haram relationship. Because of some family issues his mother doesn't wants him to marry me and has fixed his marriage with some other girl, but I still pray to get married to him. My question is, is my dua to marry him illegitimate? Can I still pray for marrying him?
If yes can you please recommend me any dua or amaal so that I get in nikah with him.

Yes you can pray to marry him, but it will only happen if it is what is best for both of you.

https://www.duas.org/imamezaman/isteghasa.htm

I have recently read somewhere that on the day of judgement your good deeds will be transferred to someone's account whom you have hurt as compensation.

1) Would that happen with parents also ? I mean would parents also take away good deeds of their children because they have hurt them at some point in their lifetime.
If yes, then what is the point of having relations here when a sweet and selfless bond like parent-child will become selfish and sour on the day of judgement that parents who used to sacrifice everything for their child in this world would snatch away good deeds and throw their child to hell?

2) We are humans and there are certain times when we can have disagreements with our parents. Sometimes we also had fights over certain things. Its not that we never loved each other but yes in those fights or disagreements definitely it might be possible that hearts were hurt. But I know in this world parents can never think bad of their child but if this relationship is so sweet in this world then why would god make it sour there. By sourness I meant that instead of forgiveness for they would want compensation that might empty the entire good deeds of their child

1) It’s not a straightforward process and not the way you perceive it.
If someone is insolent to their parents they are insolent to God. How do you interpret someone getting their rights from someone as selfish and sour? If you have harmed people then the day of judgement is where all scores get settled. Rather than worry about that then, worry about it now and fix it so you won’t lose your good actions and procure their bad actions.

2) A believer is forgiving in nature, parents generally will forgive you in their life time. You can’t claim something in the next world if you have forgiven in this world. So I don’t think that your parents will turn brutal in the hereafter.
As for disagreements, this is a natural part of life. An insolent child is one who is bad in nature to their parents.

I can't help myself listening to music during my studies to get concentrartion. Tell me how to solve this?

Listen to something permissible, Quran, dua, nasheed, latmiyah, permissible revolutionary songs.